The best spring arrangement is the one which uses the least number of individual springs. In order to
achieve this goal, the outside diameter should always be as large as possible. This automatically keeps the stack length short.

With an increasing number of disc springs, the friction and the uneven deflection of individual discs within the stack increases. We recommend L_o<3.D_e as the approximate stack length.

If it is not possible to avoid a longer stack, then it should be divided into 2 or possibly 3 partial stacks with suitable washers. These washers should be guided as exactly as possible (figure 31 below).

In order to keep the friction within reasonable limits, no more than 2 or 3 springs should be stacked in parallel unless a large friction loss is expressly desired. Particularly in the case of dynamic loading, considerable warming must be expected with 2 or more springs in parallel. Whenever possible, the abutments of a disc spring stack should contact the outside diameter, however this is only possible at both abutments with an even number of individual spring or spring sets.